How to get a more Linux like experience on Android?

Question

Are there projects (e.g. ROMs) out there that offers a more Linux like experience on Android?

Here are some things that I hope for

From Stackoverflow: Is there any way to run Python on Android?. I would recommend you to search at stackoverflow about GCC and Python, due to the nature of those applications.
@RichardBorcsik I'd like something similar to Debian that can run on a variety of platforms without much work by the end user.
On the multiple platforms and and Linux-like part, see the new Ubuntu Phone OS, How does the Ubuntu Phone OS relate to the Android OS?, though installing that will mean that you won't be running Android on your phone at all anymore.

3 revs, 2 users 93% · Accepted Answer · 2012-07-26 14:14:05Z

There are quite a few options already:

Chroot to a full fledged linux (search for debian chroot android, it's got quite a few hits)
There are also native ports of Debian or Ubuntu for some phone/tablet models.
Shell access is already there: Terminal Emulator
If you install an aftermarket firmware such as CyanogenMod you will get root access, busybox, bash, an ssh client/server amongst other things
Here's the SL4A project (scripting layer for android), it adds python, lua, perl and other interpreted languages to android
You can build Qt applications (yes, even those using QtGui) using Necessitas -- a port of most parts of the Qt Desktop framework to Android. Applications as complex as Quassel (an IRC client/server) can be built with very minimal source changes. In theory this would allow you to build much of KDE4, though some parts (e.g. the Plasma workspace) may be too heavily tied to Xorg/GLX.
Most C/C++ programs from GNU/Linux that do not require a graphical interface can be compiled to run on Android using the Android NDK
Other things, you aware of. Feel free to add it here

If you feel your answer is incomplete and want to invite people to update it, you should make it Community Wiki.
botbrew is a fairly neat package manager for Android, too. Gives you some useful utilities like make, git. And since it's a package manager, you can add a ton more.

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