Format the SD card as ext2. Move folders to the SD card with a file manager. Make symlinks in the original location so that the OS can still see the files there. Would be easier to let an app do this for you...
Edit yes you will definitely need root access to do this.
I have done it using apps aparted and link2sd.
I think the OP should give more info about why the use of apps is unacceptable, because it does make life more difficult. In fact, if OP does not already have a terminal Emulator installed, then I think it will only be possible at all if OP can get shell access through adb shell.