You can try the following commands:

To enter the fastboot mode:
adb reboot bootloader

Check whether the mobile phone is also in fastboot mode: fastboot devices

To delete the data: fastboot erase userdata

To delete cache: fastboot erase cache

Source and more detailed instructions click here.

For devices that support Fastboot mode, you can try the following commands:

1. Enter fastboot mode: adb reboot bootloader
2. Check whether the mobile phone is also in fastboot mode: fastboot devices
3. Delete the data: fastboot erase userdata
4. Delete cache: fastboot erase cache