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@oliver-añasco Decompiling C code is difficult, and you'll likely not end up with usable code at the end. Why do you want to decompile the kernel in the first place?
You don't need to wait - there are several 5.0 GApps builds out there and the ones you linked to will work to get you Play Store and Play Services. The other GApps builds have other Google apps (Gmail, Hangouts, G+, etc) which you don't need and can usually install from the play store...
The modem is a part of the software, not the phone. Usually, CM builds will flash the modem as part of their flash. You've most likely flashed a US modem with the CM install, thus removing the UK modem that was installed before
That site seems really, really sketchy - In your situation, it would probably be a better idea to try to install SuperSu or Superuser and see if one of those su binaries would work.
Fascinating. So if I had to guess, HTC probably has a watered down version of ls in their stock firmware. If you want one with colored output and the like, you'll need to install Busybox. I believe you need root for it, but you might be able to get on without root...
So, your problem here is that for whatever reason, the device manufacturers put the /data mountpoint on the /system parition and kept the /sdcard partition seperate. Usually, /data lives on /sdcard. Your options at this point are to try to see if you can resize the partitions (hard), or use an app-to-sdcard solution. What version of Android are you using?